Larry grammar course

视频链接：搭建你的英语语法体系——Larry想做技术大佬

主体框架

endweight——句末重心

名词性从句

形容词性从句（定语从句）

关系词	/
主语 关系代词	who,which,that
宾语 关系代词（动词宾语）	who,whom,which,that
宾语 关系代词（介词宾语）	who,whom,which,that
状语 关系副词	when,where,why
定语 关系限定词	whose,which
补语 关系代词	which,that

主语关系代词：who,which,that

who（指代某人）、which（指代某物）、that（某人/某物）这三个关系词都可以作定语从句的主语，但是要注意的是，用来指代人时，who比that常用，用来指代物的时候，that比which常用，这是英美人使用关系代词的基本习惯。

eg

• He is reading a book that is about human history.
• A rich person is not one who has the most,but is one who needs the least.

test

• I like friends who they are passionate fans of Kobe Bryant.
• Music that have has great lyrics is my favorite.
• Michael loves friends who is are always ready to help.
• 【注】1.使用关系代词后，从句中原本被关系代词指代的部分（主语）必须删掉。
• 【注】2.先行词的性质=关系词的性质，二者必须在单复数、主格宾格等等各个方面保持统一。

宾语关系代词（动词宾语）：who,whom,which,that

who（指代某人）、whom（指代某人）、which（指代某物）、that（某人/某物）。上述四个关系代词都可以作为形容词性从句中动词的宾语，也可以省略不填。

eg

• I want to have a friend who/whom/that/不填 I can fully trust.
• Michael likes every piece of music that/which/不填 I recommend.
• This is the book that/which/不填 I bought yesterday.

test

• I want to have a friend that I can fully trust him.
• There exist certain traditions in Fujian that people accustomed to Northern ways of thinking find them weird.
• 【注】使用了关系代词后，从句中原本被关系代词指代的部分（宾语）必须删掉。
• 【注】关系代词与从句谓语动词距离较远的时候，要注意分辨清楚句子的结构，一定要找到真正的谓语动词，同时把从句作为一个简单句分析，将其对应到简单句五种基本句型中的一种，尤其当存在双宾语、宾语补语等结构时，要仔细分析这个“简单句”。

宾语关系代词（介词宾语）：who,whom,which,that

who（指代某人）、whom（指代某人）、which（指代某物）、that（某人/某物）。上述四个关系代词都可以作为形容词性从句中介词的宾语，也可以省略不填。不过相比于作为动词宾语的关系代词来说，介词宾语的问题要更复杂，因为涉及到介词后置和介词前置的问题。

eg1 介词后置

• The little girl who a lot of people are interested in is named Lucy.（√）
• The little girl whom a lot of people are interested in is named Lucy.（√）
• The little girl that a lot of people are interested in is named Lucy.（√）
• The little girl a lot of people are interested in is named Lucy.（√）

eg2 介词前置

• The little girl in who a lot of people are interested is named Lucy.（×）
• The little girl in whom a lot of people are interested is named Lucy.（√）
• The little girl in that a lot of people are interested is named Lucy.（×）
• The little girl in a lot of people are interested is named Lucy.（×）

eg3

• The conference room in which the meeting will take place is equipped with state-of-the-art technology.（√）
• The scholarship for which she applied covers tuition fees and living expenses.（√）
• The job opportunity for which only experienced candidates are eligible requires strong leadership skills.（√）
• The software with which the team developed the project significantly improved productivity.（√）

test

• The old house about which a lot of people care will be repaired.（√）
• The old house about that a lot of people care will be repaired.（×）
• The old house about a lot of people care will be repaired.（×）

短语动词中包含的介词，一般不前置

• This is the very bag that I've been looking for.（√）
• This is the very bag which I've been looking for.（√）
• This is the very bag 不填 I've been looking for.（√）
• This is the very bag for which I've been looking.（×）

【注】关系代词作宾语（动词宾语+介词宾语）

• 定语从句中大多数作为宾语的关系代词是可以省略的。
• 句子容易造成歧义时，不要省略关系代词。
• 作为介词宾语的关系代词，在介词后置的情况下，用法与动词宾语相同；介词前置的情况下，只能使用prep+whom以及prep+which的形式，而不能使用prep+that。
• 短语动词中的介词，一般不前置。

状语关系副词：when,where,why

关系副词	先行词	在定语从句中担当的成分
where	地点名词	地点状语
when	时间名词	时间状语
why	原因名词	原因状语

【注】作为关系词，where、when、why这三个是关系副词。是副词！也是连词！

e.g.1————where

简单句1：This is the town.

简单句2：I grew up in this town.

• 用关系词来替换两个句子的交叉部分，实现合并：

  • This is the town in which I grew up.
  • 上句中，副词属性的介词短语 in which 修饰 grew up ，做状语成分
  • This is the town where I grew up.
  • 上句中，where是副词属性的关系副词，在定语从句中做地点状语
  • 综上分析，where 等价于 in which

• This is the town where I grew up.（√√√，更常见，更自然，推荐）

• This is the town in which I grew up.（√√）
• This is the town which I grew up in.（√，但没人这么用）
• This is the town that I grew up in.（√，但没人这么用）

e.g.2

• where引导名词性从句
• This is where I plant the trees.
• This is the place.（名词性成分替换）
• where引导形容词性从句
• I plant the trees in a place where there's a lot of sunshine.
• I plant the trees in a sunlit place.（形容词性成分替换）
• where引导副词性从句 -I plant the trees where there's a lot of sunshine. -I plant the trees on the playground. （副词性成分替换）

e.g.3————when

简单句1：I'll never forget the day.

简单句2：I met you on that day.

• 用关系词来替换两个句子的交叉部分，实现合并：
  • I'll never forget the day on which I met you.
  • 上句中，副词属性的介词短语 on which 修饰 met ，做状语成分
  • I'll never forget the day when I met you.
  • 上句中，when是副词属性的关系副词，在定语从句中做时间状语
  • 综上分析，when 等价于 on which

e.g.4

由于时间名词像"tomorrow"、"today"等既是名词，也是副词，因此其派生出来的定语从句结构稍微有点复杂。

• I'll never forget the day when I met you.（√）
• I'll never forget the day on which I met you.（√）
• I'll never forget the day which I met you on.（？没人这么说，当作错的）
• I'll never forget the day that I met you on.（？）
• I'll never forget the day which I met you.（？）
• I'll never forget the day that I met you.（√,that本身是关系名词，但that替代了day,day是名词，是副词，因此that也可以作副词了）
• I'll never forget the day I met you.（√）

e.g.5

• When I met Sally doesn't matter.（When引导名词性从句）
• September 15,2018 is when I met Sally.（When引导名词性从句）
• September 15,2018 is the day when I met Sally.（When引导形容词性从句）
• I was only a little kid when I met Sally. （When引导副词性从句）

e.g.6————why

简单句1：That is the reason.

简单句2：Sally hates her friend Mary for that reason.

• 用关系词来替换两个句子的交叉部分，实现合并：
  • That is the reason for which Sally hates her friend Mary.
  • 上句中，副词属性的介词短语 for which 修饰 hates ，做状语成分
  • That is the reason why Sally hates her friend Mary.
  • 上句中，why是副词属性的关系副词，在定语从句中做原因状语
  • 综上分析，why 等价于 for which

e.g.7

• Nobody really knows why Sally left for China.（why引导的名词性从句）
• Nobody really knows the reason why Sally left for China.（why引导的形容词性从句）
• I didn't go to the party last night because I was feeling unwell.（why不能引导原因状语从句，一般情况下由because来引导）

定语关系限定词：whose,which

e.g.1

简单句1：Michael lives in a house.

简单句2：The roof of the house is leaking.

• 用关系词来替换两个句子的交叉部分，实现合并：
  • Michael lives in a house of which the roof is leaking.
  • Michael lives in a house whose roof is leaking.
  • whose 等价于 of which

e.g.2

• whose表示所有格，构成 whose+名词 结构（常用）
• The guy whose dad is a billionaire wasted a lot of money.
• which起指示作用，构成 which+名词 结构（偶见）
• That guy whose dad is a billionaire wasted a lot of money,which fact is hard to believe.
• which fact指代前面那件事情，共同作为关系词，which作为修饰中心词fact的形容词、限定词
• 把fact去掉也是对的，which单独作为关系词

e.g.3

• whose可以用作【人】的所有格，也可以用作【物】的所有格。
  • I know a doctor whose three sons are all doctors.
  • Sally studies in a school whose students study like machines.
• 不使用whose,使用其他关系词将上面第二个句子改写成意思接近的形容词性从句
  • Sally studies in a school where students study like machines.
  • Sally studies in a school in which students study like machines.

补语关系代词：which,that

• Sally is a smart person,which I am not.
• which在从句中作表语，表语就是特殊的补语
• The nickname stupid-ass that those classmates named Michael doesn't sound friendly.
• that在从句中作宾补
• 上述两个关系代词在从句中作补语成分

限制性和非限制性

Abstract

1. 有逗号
2. 关系词只能用which（极少用that）,who（极少用that）,where,when

e.g.1

• I don't wear clothes, which makes me different from others.我不穿衣服，这让我与众不同。
• I don't wear clothes which make me different from others.我不穿奇装异服。
  
  
• Michael knows a doctor, who has three sons working in the hospital.麦扣认识一名医生（核心句），顺带一说，他有三个在医院工作的儿子。（补充额外信息）
• Michael knows a doctor who has three sons working in the hospital.麦扣认识的这个医生，是三个儿子都在医院工作的医生。（限制性，具有筛选性，从千千万万个医生中筛选了出来。）
  
  
• This is the school,where we made lifelong friendships.

• This is the school where we made lifelong friendships.筛选

• I still remember the summer,when we had an unforgettable road trip.

• I still remember the summer when we had an unforgettable road trip.筛选

Warning

1. 非限制性定语从句的先行词十分多样化，而限制性定语从句的先行词往往是单纯的名词短语。
2. 即便是相同的先行词（皆为名词短语），限制性、非限制性定语从句的意思也不相同。
3. 某些先行词，只能使用非限制性定语从句，不能使用限制性定语从句。（因为世界上有些事物是独一无二的，没有办法筛选）

e.g.2【专有名词做先行词：地点】

• 非限制性
  • Bejing,which is capital of China,is a great city.（There is only one Bejing in this world）
• 限制性
  • The Bejing that used to be the capital of old China is liked by nobody.（There are two Beijing-s:The old Beijing,and the new Beijing）

大多数情况下，类似Beijing这样的专有名词做先行词的时候，都必须使用加逗号的非限制性定语从句，因为专有名词是独一无二的，因此无法被“限制”，更无需指定。

Beijing which is capital of China is a great city.（×）

e.g.3【专有名词做先行词：人物】

• 非限制性
  • Einstein,who was a great scientist,created the theory of relativity.（There is only one Einstein in this world,though he's dead already）
• 限制性
  • The Einstein who was played by 王俊凯 in that movie looks funny.（There can be various Einstein in lots of movies）
    
    
• 非限制性
  • 张三,who teaches us English,is a cool guy.（There is only one 张三 within this small group of people）
• 限制性
  • The 张三 who teaches us English is the most handsome guy in China.（There are many 张三-s in China）

张三 who teaches us English is a cool guy.（×）

教我们英语的张三只有一个，大家都懂这人是谁，因此不能够被“限定”，除非说话人认识好几个张三。

• 非限制性
  • My grandmother,who is 70 years old,loves programming.（I have only one grandmother）
• 限制性
  • My grandmother who loves programming is 70 years old.（×，你还有喜欢烹饪的奶奶吗）
  • My grandmother who is 70 years old loves programming.（×，你还有其他岁数的奶奶吗）

e.g.4【要看清先行词是哪一个】

• 非限制性
  • I went to Xiamen,which is one of the most beautiful cities in China.（There is only one Xiamen in China）
• 限制性
  • Xiamen is a city which is known for its great landscape.（There are many cities in China.Xiamen is a special one）

e.g.5【普通名词也可能变成“专有名词”】

• This is my hometown,which a lot of people know.
• This is my hometown which a lot of people know.（×）

hometown="专有名词"，一般人只有一个家乡，因此不能被筛选

• My high school,which has sent a lot of students to Tsinghua University and Peking University,is a good one.
• My high school which has sent a lot of students to Tsinghua University and Peking University,is a good one.（×）

my high school="专有名词"，一般人只有一个高中，因此不能筛选

e.g.6【意义有何不同：限制VS非限制】

• My uncle,who always drinks a lot,is liked by nobody.我叔叔这人吧，没人喜欢他，（对了），他总是喝很多酒。
• My uncle who always drinks a lot is liked by nobody.我爱喝酒的那个叔叔没人喜欢。
  
  
• The town,which is known for its street food,enjoys great fame.这座小镇名气很大，（对了），这里的小吃十分有名。
• The town which is known for its street food enjoys great fame.这座以小吃而闻名的小镇十分有名。
  
  
• The park,where we used to play,is now a shopping center.那个公园如今已经是购物中心了，（对了），我们以前总去那溜达。
• The park where we used to play is now a shopping center.我们经常去溜达的那个公园如今已经是购物中心了。
  
  
• This is the time,when we need to come together.时不我待，我们应该联合起来。
• This is the time when we need to come together.此时此刻就是我们应该联合起来的时候。

summary【总结：限制性=筛选，非限制性=顺便提一嘴】

• I have a friend who never washes his face.我有一个从不洗脸的朋友。
• 1.我的朋友或许有不少；2.其中一个朋友从不洗脸；3.我其他的朋友（大概率）都是洗脸的。
  
  
• I have a friend,who never washes his face.我有个朋友，（对了），他从不洗脸。
• 1.我的朋友或许有不少；2.刚刚提到的这个朋友，他不洗脸；3.至于其他的朋友洗不洗脸，没提（但一般来说是洗的）。
  
  
• I have only one friend who never washes his face.不洗脸的朋友我只有一个。
• 1.我的朋友或许有不少；2.不洗脸的朋友，我就这么一个；3.其他朋友都是洗脸的。
  
  
• I have only one friend,who never washes his face.我只有一个朋友，他从不洗脸。
• 1.我只有一个朋友，有且只有一个；2.就这么一个朋友，他还不洗脸

副词性从句（状语从句）

非谓语动词

非谓语动词	是动词嘛？	是谓语动词嘛？	是什么词性？	与普通的名词、形容词、副词有何不同？
不定式	✗	✗	名词 / 形容词 / 副词	保留了动词的特点，可以有时态变化，且可以携带自己的宾语（vt）、状语等等
动名词	✗	✗	名词	同上
分词	✗	✗	形容词 / 副词	同上

Note

非谓语动词在句子中已经失去了作为动词的词性，要当作名词（主、宾、表、补）、形容词（定、表、补）、或者副词（状）来对待，但其本身保留了动词的特征，可以有时态变化，且可以携带自己的宾语、状语等。

不定式

不定式的结构：

	主动	被动
一般时态	to write	to be writen
进行时态	to be writing	没有
完成时态	to have written	to have been written
完成进行时态	to have been writing	没有

不定式的表现形式：

• 不定式：不一定是什么词性的一个东西
• 不定式具备名词属性、形容词属性、副词属性
• 不定式在句子中作主语、宾语、补语、定语、状语

e.g.1

• It is foolish to lie.（主语）
• Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.（表语/补语，the work和in two weeks就是非谓语动词to finish携带的宾语和状语）
• Sally doesn't like to be praised.（宾语）
• The question to be discussed is important.（定语）
• We eat to live.（状语）

名词属性的不定式：作为主语、表语、宾语

• 作主语
• To make you understand me is impossible.
• It is impossible to make you understand me.
  
  
• 作表语（主语补语）
• To know everything is to know nothing.
• The problem is where to find a guide.（注意这不是从句，where在这里是非谓语动词to find所携带的状语）
• He was seen to enter the laboratory.
  
  
• 作宾语
• I will try to forget you.
• He decided to return after receiving a letter from Michael.
• He forgot which way to take.

动名词

分词

不定式、动名词、分词